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Showing posts from April, 2025

802.11 Roaming- Understanding How Wireless Devices Transition Between Access Points

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We have heard about roaming several times, and understand how seamless roaming experience is important for users with time sensitive applications. This seamless experience is made possible by a process called "roaming" in 802.11 wireless networks.  What is 802.11 Roaming and how does it work? The 802.11 roaming refers to the process where a wireless station moves from one access point (AP) to another within the same extended service set (ESS). This transition should ideally happen without any interruption to the network connectivity. When the station first connect to a Wi-Fi network, it associates with an access point. As you move away from this initial access point, the signal strength degrades. When this happens, your device starts scanning for a better connection, looking for another access point to associate with. A very important fact, which is often forgotten by the Users/Network administrators is, the decision to roam is made entirely by your device, not the Access Poi...

Block Acknowledgement: Control Frame

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  For the reliable wireless communication ACK frames plays a crucial role; ACK simply means the frame was received by the receiving station and no ACK results to retransmission of the frame. As the wireless networks evolved to handle higher data rates, the overhead of sending an ACK frame for every data frame became inefficient. This led to the development of Block Acknowledgement (Block ACK) which was introduced through 802.11e amendment and it allows multiple frames to be acknowledged with a single response. Block ACK Request (BAR) Frame The Block ACK Request (BAR) frame initiates the Block ACK mechanism and has a specific format with these fields: Frame Control : Contains control information for the frame (2 bytes) Duration : Specifies timing information for upcoming transmissions (2 bytes) RA (Receiver Address) : Identifies the individual MAC address of the STA receiving the BAR (6 bytes) TA (Transmitter Address) : Identifies the individual MAC address of the STA sending the ...